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- Viruses, - Crypto-malware, - Ransomware, - Worm, - Trojan, - Rootkit, - Keylogger, - Adware, - Spyware, - Bots, - RAT, - Logic bomb, - Backdoor,
1. Social engineering, Phishing, Spear phishing, Whaling, Vishing, Tailgating, Impersonation, Dumpster diving, Shoulder surfing, Hoax, Watering hole attack, Principles (reasons for effectiveness), Authority, Intimidation, Consensus, Scarcity, Familiarity, Trust, Urgency, 2. Application/service attacks, DoS, DDoS, Man-in-the-middle, Buffer overflow, Injection, Cross-site scripting, Cross-site request forgery, Privilege escalation, ARP poisoning, Amplification, DNS poisoning, Domain hijacking, Man-in-the-browser, Zero day, Replay, Pass the hash, Hijacking and related attacks, Clickjacking, Session hijacking, URL hijacking, Typo squatting, Driver manipulation, Shimming, Refactoring, MAC spoofing, IP spoofing, 3. Wireless attacks, Replay, IV, Evil twin, Rogue AP, Jamming, WPS, Bluejacking, Bluesnarfing, RFID, NFC, Disassociation, 4. Cryptographic attacks, Birthday, Known plain text/cipher text, Rainbow tables, Dictionary, Brute force, Online vs. offline, Collision, Downgrade, Replay, Weak implementations,
1. Types of actors, Script kiddies, Hacktivist, Organized crime, Nation states/APT, Insiders, Competitors, 2. Attributes of actors, Internal/external, Level of sophistication, Resources/funding, Intent/motivation, 3. Use of open-source intelligence,
- Active reconnaissance, - Passive reconnaissance, - Pivot, - Initial exploitation, - Persistence, - Escalation of privilege, - Black box, - White box, - Gray box, - Penetration testing vs. vulnerability scanning,
- Passively test security controls, - Identify vulnerability, - Identify lack of security controls, - Identify common misconfigurations, - Intrusive vs. non-intrusive, - Credentialed vs. non-credentialed, - False positive,
1. Race conditions, 2. Vulnerabilities due to:, End-of-life systems, Embedded systems, Lack of vendor support, 3. Improper input handling, 4. Improper error handling, 5. Misconfiguration/weak configuration, 6. Default configuration, 7. Resource exhaustion, 8. Untrained users, 9. Improperly configured accounts, 10. Vulnerable business processes, 11. Weak cipher suites and implementations, 12. Memory/buffer vulnerability, Memory leak, Integer overflow, Buffer overflow, Pointer dereference, DLL injection, 13. System sprawl/undocumented assets, 14. Architecture/design weaknesses, 15. New threats/zero day, 16. Improper certificate and key management,
1. Firewall, ACL, Application-based vs. network-based, Stateful vs. stateless, Implicit deny, 2. VPN concentrator, Remote access vs. site-to-site, IPSec, Tunnel mode, Transport mode, AH, ESP, Split tunnel vs. full tunnel, TLS, Always-on VPN, 3. NIPS/NIDS, Signature-based, Heuristic/behavioral, Anomaly, Inline vs. passive, In-band vs. out-of-band, Rules, Analytics, False positive, False negative, 4. Router, ACLs, Antispoofing, 5. Switch, Port security, Layer 2 vs. Layer 3, Loop prevention, Flood guard, 6. Proxy, Forward and reverse proxy, Transparent, Application/multipurpose, 7. Load balancer, Scheduling, Affinity, Round-robin, Active-passive, Active-active, Virtual IPs, 8. Access point, SSID, MAC filtering, Signal strength, Band selection/width, Antenna types and placement, Fat vs. thin, Controller-based vs. standalone, 9. SIEM, Aggregation, Correlation, Automated alerting and triggers, Time synchronization, Event deduplication, Logs/WORM, 10. DLP, USB blocking, Cloud-based, Email, 11. NAC, Dissolvable vs. permanent, Host health checks, Agent vs. agentless, 12. Mail gateway, Spam filter, DLP, Encryption, 13. Bridge, 14. SSL/TLS accelerators, 15. SSL decryptors, 16. Media gateway, 17. Hardware security module,
1. Protocol analyzer, 2. Network scanners, Rogue system detection, Network mapping, 3. Wireless scanners/cracker, 4. Password cracker, 5. Vulnerability scanner, 6. Configuration compliance scanner, 7. Exploitation frameworks, 8. Data sanitization tools, 9. Steganography tools, 10. Honeypot, 11. Backup utilities, 12. Banner grabbing, 13. Passive vs. active, 14. Command line tools, ping, netstat, tracert, nslookup/dig, arp, ipconfig/ip/ifconfig, tcpdump, nmap, netcat,
1. Unencrypted credentials/clear text, 2. Logs and events anomalies, 3. Permission issues, 4. Access violations, 5. Certificate issues, 6. Data exfiltration, 7. Misconfigured devices, Firewall, Content filter, Access points, 8. Weak security configurations, 9. Personnel issues, Policy violation, Insider threat, Social engineering, Social media, Personal email, 10. Unauthorized software, 11. Baseline deviation, 12. License compliance violation (availability/integrity), 13. Asset management, 14. Authentication issues,
1. HIDS/HIPS, 2. Antivirus, 3. File integrity check, 4. Host-based firewall, 5. Application whitelisting, 6. Removable media control, 7. Advanced malware tools, 8. Patch management tools, 9. UTM, 10. DLP, 11. Data execution prevention, 12. Web application firewall,
1. Connection methods, Cellular, WiFi, SATCOM, Bluetooth, NFC, ANT, Infrared, USB, 2. Mobile device management concepts, Application management, Content management, Remote wipe, Geofencing, Geolocation, Screen locks, Push notification services, Passwords and pins, Biometrics, Context-aware authentication, Containerization, Storage segmentation, Full device encryption, 3. Enforcement and monitoring for:, Third-party app stores, Rooting/jailbreaking, Sideloading, Custom firmware, Carrier unlocking, Firmware OTA updates, Camera use, SMS/MMS, External media, USB OTG, Recording microphone, GPS tagging, WiFi direct/ad hoc, Tethering, Payment methods, 4. Deployment models, BYOD, COPE, CYOD, Corporate-owned, VDI,
1. Protocols, DNSSEC, SSH, S/MIME, SRTP, LDAPS, FTPS, SFTP, SNMPv3, SSL/TLS, HTTPS, Secure POP/IMAP, 2. Use cases, Voice and video, Time synchronization, Email and web, File transfer, Directory services, Remote access, Domain name resolution, Routing and switching, Network address allocation, Subscription services,
1. Industry-standard frameworks and reference architectures, Regulatory, Non-regulatory, National vs. international, Industry-specific frameworks, 2. Benchmarks/secure configuration guides, Platform/vendor-specific guides, Web server, Operating system, Application server, Network infrastructure devices, General purpose guides, 3. Defense-in-depth/layered security, Vendor diversity, Control diversity, Administrative, Technical, User training,
1. Zones/topologies, DMZ, Extranet, Intranet, Wireless, Guest, Honeynets, NAT, Ad hoc, 2. Segregation/segmentation/isolation, Physical, Logical (VLAN), Virtualization, Air gaps, 3. Tunneling/VPN, Site-to-site, Remote access, 4. Security device/technology placement, Sensors, Collectors, Correlation engines, Filters, Proxies, Firewalls, VPN concentrators, SSL accelerators, Load balancers, DDoS mitigator, Aggregation switches, Taps and port mirror, 5. SDN,
1. Hardware/firmware security, FDE/SED, TPM, HSM, UEFI/BIOS, Secure boot and attestation, Supply chain, Hardware root of trust, EMI/EMP, 2. Operating systems, Types, Network, Server, Workstation, Appliance, Kiosk, Mobile OS, Patch management, Disabling unnecessary ports and services, Least functionality, Secure configurations, Trusted operating system, Application whitelisting/blacklisting, Disable default accounts/passwords, 3. Peripherals, Wireless keyboards, Wireless mice, Displays, WiFi-enabled MicroSD cards, Printers/MFDs, External storage devices, Digital cameras,
1. Sandboxing, 2. Environment, Development, Test, Staging, Production, 3. Secure baseline, 4. Integrity measurement,
1. SCADA/ICS, 2. Smart devices/IoT, Wearable technology, Home automation, 3. HVAC, 4. SoC, 5. RTOS, 6. Printers/MFDs, 7. Camera systems, 8. Special purpose, Medical devices, Vehicles, Aircraft/UAV,
1. Development life-cycle models, Waterfall vs. Agile, 2. Secure DevOps, Security automation, Continuous integration, Baselining, Immutable systems, Infrastructure as code, 3. Version control and change management, 4. Provisioning and deprovisioning, 5. Secure coding techniques, Proper error handling, Proper input validation, Normalization, Stored procedures, Code signing, Encryption, Obfuscation/camouflage, Code reuse/dead code, Server-side vs. client-side execution and validation, Memory management, Use of third-party libraries and SDKs, Data exposure, 6. Code quality and testing, Static code analyzers, Dynamic analysis (e.g., fuzzing), Stress testing, Sandboxing, Model verification, 7. Compiled vs. runtime code,
1. Hypervisor, Type I, Type II, Application cells/containers, 2. VM sprawl avoidance, 3. VM escape protection, 4. Cloud storage, 5. Cloud deployment models, SaaS, PaaS, IaaS, Private, Public, Hybrid, Community, 6. On-premise vs. hosted vs. cloud, 7. VDI/VDE, 8. Cloud access security broker, 9. Security as a Service,
1. Automation/scripting, Automated courses of action, Continuous monitoring, Configuration validation, 2. Templates, 3. Master image, 4. Non-persistence, Snapshots, Revert to known state, Rollback to known configuration, Live boot media, 5. Elasticity, 6. Scalability, 7. Distributive allocation, 8. Redundancy, 9. Fault tolerance, 10. High availability, 11. RAID,
1. Lighting, 2. Signs, 3. Fencing/gate/cage, 4. Security guards, 5. Alarms, 6. Safe, 7. Secure cabinets/enclosures, 8. Protected distribution/Protected cabling, 9. Airgap, 10. Mantrap, 11. Faraday cage, 12. Lock types, 13. Biometrics, 14. Barricades/bollards, 15. Tokens/cards, 16. Environmental controls, HVAC, Hot and cold aisles, Fire suppression, 17. Cable locks, 18. Screen filters, 19. Cameras, 20. Motion detection, 21. Logs, 22. Infrared detection, 23. Key management,
1. Identification, authentication, authorization and accounting (AAA), 2. Multifactor authentication, Something you are, Something you have, Something you know, Somewhere you are, Something you do, 3. Federation, 4. Single sign-on, 5. Transitive trust,
- LDAP, - Kerberos, - TACACS+, - CHAP, - PAP, - MSCHAP, - RADIUS, - SAML, - OpenID Connect, - OAUTH, - Shibboleth, - Secure token, - NTLM,
1. Access control models, MAC, DAC, ABAC, Role-based access control, Rule-based access control, 2. Physical access control, Proximity cards, Smart cards, 3. Biometric factors, Fingerprint scanner, Retinal scanner, Iris scanner, Voice recognition, Facial recognition, False acceptance rate, False rejection rate, Crossover error rate, 4. Tokens, Hardware, Software, HOTP/TOTP, 5. Certificate-based authentication, PIV/CAC/smart card, IEEE 802.1x, 6. File system security, 7. Database security,
1. Account types, User account, Shared and generic accounts/credentials, Guest accounts, Service accounts, Privileged accounts, 2. General Concepts, Least privilege, Onboarding/offboarding, Permission auditing and review, Usage auditing and review, Time-of-day restrictions, Recertification, Standard naming convention, Account maintenance, Group-based access control, Location-based policies, 3. Account policy enforcement, Credential management, Group policy, Password complexity, Expiration, Recovery, Disablement, Lockout, Password history, Password reuse, Password length,
1. Standard operating procedure, 2. Agreement types, BPA, SLA, ISA, MOU/MOA, 3. Personnel management, Mandatory vacations, Job rotation, Separation of duties, Clean desk, Background checks, Exit interviews, Role-based awareness training, Data owner, System administrator, System owner, User, Privileged user, Executive user, NDA, Onboarding, Continuing education, Acceptable use policy/rules of behavior, Adverse actions, 4. General security policies, Social media networks/applications, Personal email,
1. RTO/RPO, 2. MTBF, 3. MTTR, 4. Mission-essential functions, 5. Identification of critical systems, 6. Single point of failure, 7. Impact, Life, Property, Safety, Finance, Reputation, 8. Privacy impact assessment, 9. Privacy threshold assessment,
1. Threat assessment, Environmental, Manmade, Internal vs. external, 2. Risk assessment, SLE, ALE, ARO, Asset value, Risk register, Likelihood of occurrence, Supply chain assessment, Impact, Quantitative, Qualitative, Testing, Penetration testing authorization, Vulnerability testing, authorization, Risk response techniques, Accept, Transfer, Avoid, Mitigate, 3. Change management,
1. Incident response plan, Documented incident types/category definitions, Roles and responsibilities, Reporting requirements/escalation, Cyber-incident response teams, Exercise, 2. Incident response process, Preparation, Identification, Containment, Eradication, Recovery, Lessons learned,
1. Order of volatility, 2. Chain of custody, 3. Legal hold, 4. Data acquisition, Capture system image, Network traffic and logs, Capture video, Record time offset, Take hashes, Screenshots, Witness interviews, 5. Preservation, 6. Recovery, 7. Strategic intelligence/ counterintelligence gathering, Active logging, 8. Track man-hours,
1. Recovery sites, Hot site, Warm site, Cold site, 2. Order of restoration, 3. Backup concepts, Differential, Incremental, Snapshots, Full, 4. Geographic considerations, Off-site backups, Distance, Location selection, Legal implications, Data sovereignty, 5. Continuity of operation planning, Exercises/tabletop, After-action reports, Failover, Alternate processing sites, Alternate business practices,
1. Symmetric algorithms, 2. Modes of operation, 3. Asymmetric algorithms, 4. Hashing, 5. Salt, IV, nonce, 6. Elliptic curve, 7. Weak/deprecated algorithms, 8. Key exchange, 9. Digital signatures, 10. Diffusion, 11. Confusion, 12. Collision, 13. Steganography, 14. Obfuscation, 15. Stream vs. block, 16. Key strength, 17. Session keys, 18. Ephemeral key, 19. Secret algorithm, 20. Data-in-transit, 21. Data-at-rest, 22. Data-in-use, 23. Random/pseudo-random number generation, 24. Key stretching, 25. Implementation vs. algorithm selection, Crypto service provider, Crypto modules, 26. Perfect forward secrecy, 27. Security through obscurity, 28. Common use cases, Low power devices, Low latency, High resiliency, Supporting confidentiality, Supporting integrity, Supporting obfuscation, Supporting authentication, Supporting non-repudiation, Resource vs. security constraints,
1. Symmetric algorithms, AES, DES, 3DES, RC4, Blowfish/Twofish, 2. Cipher modes, CBC, GCM, ECB, CTR, Stream vs. block, 3. Asymmetric algorithms, RSA, DSA, Diffie-Hellman, Groups, DHE, ECDHE, Elliptic curve, PGP/GPG, 4. Hashing algorithms, MD5, SHA, HMAC, RIPEMD, 5. Key stretching algorithms, BCRYPT, PBKDF2, 6. Obfuscation, XOR, ROT13, Substitution ciphers,
1. Cryptographic protocols, WPA, WPA2, CCMP, TKIP, 2. Authentication protocols, EAP, PEAP, EAP-FAST, EAP-TLS, EAP-TTLS, IEEE 802.1x, RADIUS Federation, 3. Methods, PSK vs. Enterprise vs. Open, WPS, Captive portals,
1. Components, CA, Intermediate CA, CRL, OCSP, CSR, Certificate, Public key, Private key, Object identifiers (OID), 2. Concepts, Online vs. offline CA, Stapling, Pinning, Trust model, Key escrow, Certificate chaining, 3. Types of certificates, Wildcard, SAN, Code signing, Self-signed, Machine/computer, Email, User, Root, Domain validation, Extended validation, 4. Certificate formats, DER, PEM, PFX, CER, P12, P7B
